Reducing Sex Segregation at Work and Home :: Womens Studies

Reducing Sex Segregation at Work and Home Paula England in her article "Work for Pay and Work at Home: Women's Double Disadvantage" treats women's lives in our society. She presents us a double disadvantage in women's lives: disadvantage at work and disadvantage at home. A sex segregation exists. Almost all jobs are filled by one of the sexes. Because of socialization and employer's discrimination there is a gap in earnings between men and women. Also at home women do the bulk of child rearing and other work. Compared to 40 years ago the men have increased their contributions at home. Also sex segregation and the pay gap are reduced, but they still exist. However, because roles are changing the truth is in most families people are now negotiating about the work at home. According to David Molpus, studies show that especially among two-job couples there is an agreement about equal sharing at home when the man and the woman both work full time. Mothers and fathers find different ways to contribute to childcare and other household work. They like equal parenting and don't want to leave their children in the hands of strangers. Equal sharing at home gives the fathers opportunity to stay more with their children and to know more about their lives. To do so, working-class couples try alternating their work shifts, and middle-class couples try working at home for one or two days. They both share enjoyment and the sacrifices of their family. I like and support the changes that are taking place now in our society. Equal sharing in both child rearing and domestic work is the best thing couples can do in their family. Children at home are such a joy and happiness. They need both the mother and the father to take care of them. I think the parents should have the same feelings. It is so important for fathers to spend more time with their children, to know what they like and dislike. This way they will enjoy their kids and their love. It is a sacrifice for some parents to work different shifts, but sacrifices also keep the family close. When you go home tired from work, their hugging and kissing is such a joy and rest for you. Smiles in their faces are love and life. Fathers that share child rearing have more love in their family. Also equal sharing in other domestic work like cooking and cleaning, fixing things and paying bills or shopping is important for family.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 21-23

CHAPTER 21 The Mona Lisa. For an instant, standing in the exit stairwell, Sophie forgot all about trying to leave the Louvre. Her shock over the anagram was matched only by her embarrassment at not having deciphered the message herself. Sophie's expertise in complex cryptanalysis had caused her to overlook simplistic word games, and yet she knew she should have seen it. After all, she was no stranger to anagrams – especially in English. When she was young, often her grandfather would use anagram games to hone her English spelling. Once he had written the English word† planets† and told Sophie that an astonishing sixty-two other English words of varying lengths could be formed using those same letters. Sophie had spent three days with an English dictionary until she found them all. â€Å"I can't imagine,† Langdon said, staring at the printout,† how your grandfather created such an intricate anagram in the minutes before he died.† Sophie knew the explanation, and the realization made her feel even worse. I should have seen this!She now recalled that her grandfather – a wordplay aficionado and art lover – had entertained himself as a young man by creating anagrams of famous works of art. In fact, one of his anagrams had gotten him in trouble once when Sophie was a little girl. While being interviewed by an American art magazine, Sauniere had expressed his distaste for the modernist Cubist movement by noting that Picasso's masterpiece Les Demoiselles d'Avignon was a perfect anagram of vile meaningless doodles.Picasso fans were not amused. â€Å"My grandfather probably created this Mona Lisa anagram long ago,† Sophie said, glancing up at Langdon. And tonight he was forced to use it as a makeshift code.Her grandfather's voice had called out from beyond with chilling precision. Leonardo Da Vinci! The Mona Lisa!Why his final words to her referenced the famous painting, Sophie had no idea, but she could think of only one possibility. A disturbing one. Those were not his final words†¦ . Was she supposed to visit the Mona Lisa? Had her grandfather left her a message there? The idea seemed perfectly plausible. After all, the famous painting hung in the Salle des Etats – a private viewing chamber accessible only from the Grand Gallery. In fact, Sophie now realized, the doors that opened into the chamber were situated only twenty meters from where her grandfather had been found dead. He easily could have visited the Mona Lisa before he died. Sophie gazed back up the emergency stairwell and felt torn. She knew she should usher Langdon from the museum immediately, and yet instinct urged her to the contrary. As Sophie recalled her first childhood visit to the Denon Wing, she realized that if her grandfather had a secret to tell her, few places on earth made a more apt rendezvous than Da Vinci's Mona Lisa. â€Å"She's just a little bit farther,† her grandfather had whispered, clutching Sophie's tiny hand as he led her through the deserted museum after hours. Sophie was six years old. She felt small and insignificant as she gazed up at the enormous ceilings and down at the dizzying floor. The empty museum frightened her, although she was not about to let her grandfather know that. She set her jaw firmly and let go of his hand. â€Å"Up ahead is the Salle des Etats,† her grandfather said as they approached the Louvre's most famous room. Despite her grandfather's obvious excitement, Sophie wanted to go home. She had seen pictures of the Mona Lisa in books and didn't like it at all. She couldn't understand why everyone made such a fuss. â€Å"C'est ennuyeux,† Sophie grumbled. â€Å"Boring,† he corrected. â€Å"French at school. English at home.† â€Å"Le Louvre, c'est pas chez moi!† she challenged. He gave her a tired laugh. â€Å"Right you are. Then let's speak English just for fun.† Sophie pouted and kept walking. As they entered the Salle des Etats, her eyes scanned the narrow room and settled on the obvious spot of honor – the center of the right-hand wall, where a lone portrait hung behind a protective Plexiglas wall. Her grandfather paused in the doorway and motioned toward the painting. â€Å"Go ahead, Sophie. Not many people get a chance to visit her alone.† Swallowing her apprehension, Sophie moved slowly across the room. After everything she'd heard about the Mona Lisa, she felt as if she were approaching royalty. Arriving in front of the protective Plexiglas, Sophie held her breath and looked up, taking it in all at once. Sophie was not sure what she had expected to feel, but it most certainly was not this. No jolt of amazement. No instant of wonder. The famous face looked as it did in books. She stood in silence for what felt like forever, waiting for something to happen. â€Å"So what do you think?† her grandfather whispered, arriving behind her. â€Å"Beautiful, yes?† â€Å"She's too little.† Sauniere smiled. â€Å"You're little and you're beautiful.† I am not beautiful, she thought. Sophie hated her red hair and freckles, and she was bigger than all the boys in her class. She looked back at the Mona Lisa and shook her head. â€Å"She's even worse than in the books. Her face is†¦ brumeux.† â€Å"Foggy,† her grandfather tutored. â€Å"Foggy,† Sophie repeated, knowing the conversation would not continue until she repeated her new vocabulary word. â€Å"That's called the sfumato style of painting,† he told her,† and it's very hard to do. Leonardo Da Vinci was better at it than anyone.† Sophie still didn't like the painting. â€Å"She looks like she knows something†¦ like when kids at school have a secret.† Her grandfather laughed. â€Å"That's part of why she is so famous. People like to guess why she is smiling.† â€Å"Do you know why she's smiling?† â€Å"Maybe.† Her grandfather winked. â€Å"Someday I'll tell you all about it.† Sophie stamped her foot. â€Å"I told you I don't like secrets!† â€Å"Princess,† he smiled. â€Å"Life is filled with secrets. You can't learn them all at once.† â€Å"I'm going back up,† Sophie declared, her voice hollow in the stairwell. â€Å"To the Mona Lisa?† Langdon recoiled. â€Å"Now?† Sophie considered the risk. â€Å"I'm not a murder suspect. I'll take my chances. I need to understand what my grandfather was trying to tell me.† â€Å"What about the embassy?† Sophie felt guilty turning Langdon into a fugitive only to abandon him, but she saw no other option. She pointed down the stairs to a metal door. â€Å"Go through that door, and follow the illuminated exit signs. My grandfather used to bring me down here. The signs will lead you to a security turnstile. It's monodirectional and opens out.† She handed Langdon her car keys. â€Å"Mine is the red SmartCar in the employee lot. Directly outside this bulkhead. Do you know how to get to the embassy?† Langdon nodded, eyeing the keys in his hand. â€Å"Listen,† Sophie said, her voice softening. â€Å"I think my grandfather may have left me a message at the Mona Lisa – some kind of clue as to who killed him. Or why I'm in danger.† Or what happenedto my family. â€Å"I have to go see.† â€Å"But if he wanted to tell you why you were in danger, why wouldn't he simply write it on the floor where he died? Why this complicated word game?† â€Å"Whatever my grandfather was trying to tell me, I don't think he wanted anyone else to hear it. Not even the police.† Clearly, her grandfather had done everything in his power to send a confidential transmission directly to her.He had written it in code, included her secret initials, and told her to find Robert Langdon – a wise command, considering the American symbologist had deciphered his code. â€Å"As strange as it may sound,† Sophie said,† I think he wants me to get to the Mona Lisabefore anyone else does.† â€Å"I'll come.† â€Å"No! We don't know how long the Grand Gallery will stay empty. You have to go.† Langdon seemed hesitant, as if his own academic curiosity were threatening to override sound judgment and drag him back into Fache's hands. â€Å"Go. Now.† Sophie gave him a grateful smile. â€Å"I'll see you at the embassy, Mr. Langdon.† Langdon looked displeased. â€Å"I'll meet you there on one condition,† he replied, his voice stern. She paused, startled. â€Å"What's that?† â€Å"That you stop calling me Mr.Langdon.† Sophie detected the faint hint of a lopsided grin growing across Langdon's face, and she felt herself smile back. â€Å"Good luck, Robert.† When Langdon reached the landing at the bottom of the stairs, the unmistakable smell of linseed oil and plaster dust assaulted his nostrils. Ahead, an illuminated SORTIE/EXIT displayed an arrow pointing down a long corridor. Langdon stepped into the hallway. To the right gaped a murky restoration studio out of which peered an army of statues in various states of repair. To the left, Langdon saw a suite of studios that resembled Harvard art classrooms – rows of easels, paintings, palettes, framing tools – an art assembly line. As he moved down the hallway, Langdon wondered if at any moment he might awake with a start in his bed in Cambridge. The entire evening had felt like a bizarre dream. I'm about to dash out of the Louvre†¦a fugitive. Sauniere's clever anagrammatic message was still on his mind, and Langdon wondered what Sophie would find at the Mona Lisa†¦if anything. She had seemed certain her grandfather meant for her to visit the famous painting one more time. As plausible an interpretation as this seemed, Langdon felt haunted now by a troubling paradox. P. S. Find Robert Langdon. Sauniere had written Langdon's name on the floor, commanding Sophie to find him. But why? Merely so Langdon could help her break an anagram? It seemed quite unlikely. After all, Sauniere had no reason to think Langdon was especially skilled at anagrams. We've never even met.More important, Sophie had stated flat out that she should have broken the anagram on her own. It had been Sophie who spotted the Fibonacci sequence, and, no doubt, Sophie who, if given a little more time, would have deciphered the message with no help from Langdon. Sophie was supposed to break that anagram on her own.Langdon was suddenly feeling more certain about this, and yet the conclusion left an obvious gaping lapse in the logic of Sauniere's actions. Why me? Langdon wondered, heading down the hall. Why was Sauniere's dying wish that his estranged granddaughter find me? What is it that Sauniere thinks I know? With an unexpected jolt, Langdon stopped short. Eyes wide, he dug in his pocket and yanked out the computer printout. He stared at the last line of Sauniere's message. P. S. Find Robert Langdon. He fixated on two letters. P. S. In that instant, Langdon felt Sauniere's puzzling mix of symbolism fall into stark focus. Like a peal of thunder, a career's worth of symbology and history came crashing down around him. Everything Jacques Sauniere had done tonight suddenly made perfect sense. Langdon's thoughts raced as he tried to assemble the implications of what this all meant. Wheeling, he stared back in the direction from which he had come. Is there time? He knew it didn't matter. Without hesitation, Langdon broke into a sprint back toward the stairs. CHAPTER 22 Kneeling in the first pew, Silas pretended to pray as he scanned the layout of the sanctuary. Saint- Sulpice, like most churches, had been built in the shape of a giant Roman cross. Its long central section – the nave – led directly to the main altar, where it was transversely intersected by a shorter section, known as the transept. The intersection of nave and transept occurred directly beneath the main cupola and was considered the heart of the church†¦ her most sacred and mystical point. Not tonight, Silas thought. Saint-Sulpice hides her secrets elsewhere. Turning his head to the right, he gazed into the south transept, toward the open area of floor beyond the end of the pews, to the object his victims had described. There it is. Embedded in the gray granite floor, a thin polished strip of brass glistened in the stone†¦ a golden line slanting across the church's floor. The line bore graduated markings, like a ruler. It was a gnomon, Silas had been told, a pagan astronomical device like a sundial. Tourists, scientists, historians, and pagans from around the world came to Saint-Sulpice to gaze upon this famous line. The Rose Line. Slowly, Silas let his eyes trace the path of the brass strip as it made its way across the floor from his right to left, slanting in front of him at an awkward angle, entirely at odds with the symmetry of the church. Slicing across the main altar itself, the line looked to Silas like a slash wound across a beautiful face. The strip cleaved the communion rail in two and then crossed the entire width of the church, finally reaching the corner of the north transept, where it arrived at the base of a most unexpected structure. A colossal Egyptian obelisk. Here, the glistening Rose Line took a ninety-degree vertical turn and continued directly up the face of the obelisk itself, ascending thirty-three feet to the very tip of the pyramidical apex, where it finally ceased. The Rose Line, Silas thought. The brotherhood hid the keystone at the Rose Line. Earlier tonight, when Silas told the Teacher that the Priory keystone was hidden inside Saint- Sulpice, the Teacher had sounded doubtful. But when Silas added that the brothers had all given him a precise location, with relation to a brass line running through Saint-Sulpice, the Teacher had gasped with revelation. â€Å"You speak of the Rose Line!† The Teacher quickly told Silas of Saint-Sulpice's famed architectural oddity – a strip of brass that segmented the sanctuary on a perfect north-south axis. It was an ancient sundial of sorts, a vestige of the pagan temple that had once stood on this very spot. The sun's rays, shining through the oculus on the south wall, moved farther down the line every day, indicating the passage of time, from solstice to solstice. The north-south stripe had been known as the Rose Line. For centuries, the symbol of the Rose had been associated with maps and guiding souls in the proper direction. The Compass Rose – drawn on almost every map – indicated North, East, South, and West. Originally known as the Wind Rose, it denoted the directions of the thirty-two winds, blowing from the directions of eight major winds, eight half-winds, and sixteen quarter-winds. When diagrammed inside a circle, these thirty-two points of the compass perfectly resembled a traditional thirty-two petal rose bloom. To this day, the fundamental navigational tool was still known as a Compass Rose, its northernmost direction still marked by an arrowhead†¦ or, more commonly, the symbol of the fleur-de-lis. On a globe, a Rose Line – also called a meridian or longitude – was any imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole. There were, of course, an infinite number of Rose Lines because every point on the globe could have a longitude drawn through it connecting north and south poles. The question for early navigators was which of these lines would be called the Rose Line – the zero longitude – the line from which all other longitudes on earth would be measured. Today that line was in Greenwich, England. But it had not always been. Long before the establishment of Greenwich as the prime meridian, the zero longitude of the entire world had passed directly through Paris, and through the Church of Saint-Sulpice. The brass marker in Saint-Sulpice was a memorial to the world's first prime meridian, and although Greenwich had stripped Paris of the honor in 1888, the original Rose Line was still visible today. â€Å"And so the legend is true,† the Teacher had told Silas. â€Å"The Priory keystone has been said to lie' beneath the Sign of the Rose.† Now, still on his knees in a pew, Silas glanced around the church and listened to make sure no one was there. For a moment, he thought he heard a rustling in the choir balcony. He turned and gazed up for several seconds. Nothing. I am alone. Standing now, he faced the altar and genuflected three times. Then he turned left and followed the brass line due north toward the obelisk. At that moment, at Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport in Rome, the jolt of tires hitting the runway startled Bishop Aringarosa from his slumber. I drifted off, he thought, impressed he was relaxed enough to sleep. â€Å"Benvenuto a Roma,†the intercom announced. Sitting up, Aringarosa straightened his black cassock and allowed himself a rare smile. This was one trip he had been happy to make. I have been on the defensive for too long.Tonight, however, the rules had changed. Only five months ago, Aringarosa had feared for the future of the Faith. Now, as if by the will of God, the solution had presented itself. Divine intervention. If all went as planned tonight in Paris, Aringarosa would soon be in possession of something that would make him the most powerful man in Christendom. CHAPTER 23 Sophie arrived breathless outside the large wooden doors of the Salle des Etats – the room that housed the Mona Lisa.Before entering, she gazed reluctantly farther down the hall, twenty yards or so, to the spot where her grandfather's body still lay under the spotlight. The remorse that gripped her was powerful and sudden, a deep sadness laced with guilt. The man had reached out to her so many times over the past ten years, and yet Sophie had remained immovable – leaving his letters and packages unopened in a bottom drawer and denying his efforts to see her. He lied to me! Kept appalling secrets! What was I supposed to do? And so she had blocked him out. Completely. Now her grandfather was dead, and he was talking to her from the grave. The Mona Lisa. She reached for the huge wooden doors, and pushed. The entryway yawned open. Sophie stood on the threshold a moment, scanning the large rectangular chamber beyond. It too was bathed in a soft red light. The Salle des Etats was one of this museum's rare culs-de-sac – a dead end and the only room off the middle of the Grand Gallery. This door, the chamber's sole point of entry, faced a dominating fifteen-foot Botticelli on the far wall. Beneath it, centered on the parquet floor, an immense octagonal viewing divan served as a welcome respite for thousands of visitors to rest their legs while they admired the Louvre's most valuable asset. Even before Sophie entered, though, she knew she was missing something. A black light.She gazed down the hall at her grandfather under the lights in the distance, surrounded by electronic gear. If he had written anything in here, he almost certainly would have written it with the watermark stylus. Taking a deep breath, Sophie hurried down to the well-lit crime scene. Unable to look at her grandfather, she focused solely on the PTS tools. Finding a small ultraviolet penlight, she slipped it in the pocket of her sweater and hurried back up the hallway toward the open doors of the Salle des Etats. Sophie turned the corner and stepped over the threshold. Her entrance, however, was met by an unexpected sound of muffled footsteps racing toward her from inside the chamber. There'ssomeone in here! A ghostly figure emerged suddenly from out of the reddish haze. Sophie jumped back. â€Å"There you are!† Langdon's hoarse whisper cut the air as his silhouette slid to a stop in front of her. Her relief was only momentary. â€Å"Robert, I told you to get out of here! If Fache – â€Å"Where were you?† â€Å"I had to get the black light,† she whispered, holding it up. â€Å"If my grandfather left me a message – â€Å"Sophie, listen.† Langdon caught his breath as his blue eyes held her firmly. â€Å"The letters P. S†¦ . do they mean anything else to you? Anything at all?† Afraid their voices might echo down the hall, Sophie pulled him into the Salle des Etats and closed the enormous twin doors silently, sealing them inside. â€Å"I told you, the initials mean Princess Sophie.† â€Å"I know, but did you ever see them anywhere else? Did your grandfather ever use P. S. in any other way? As a monogram, or maybe on stationery or a personal item?† The question startled her. How would Robert know that? Sophie had indeed seen the initials P. S. once before, in a kind of monogram. It was the day before her ninth birthday. She was secretly combing the house, searching for hidden birthday presents. Even then, she could not bear secrets kept from her. What did Grand-pere get for me this year? She dug through cupboards and drawers. Did he get me the doll I wanted? Where would he hide it? Finding nothing in the entire house, Sophie mustered the courage to sneak into her grandfather's bedroom. The room was off-limits to her, but her grandfather was downstairs asleep on the couch. I'll just take a fast peek! Tiptoeing across the creaky wood floor to his closet, Sophie peered on the shelves behind his clothing. Nothing. Next she looked under the bed. Still nothing. Moving to his bureau, she opened the drawers and one by one began pawing carefully through them. There must be something for me here! As she reached the bottom drawer, she still had not found any hint of a doll. Dejected, she opened the final drawer and pulled aside some black clothes she had never seen him wear. She was about to close the drawer when her eyes caught a glint of gold in the back of the drawer. It looked like a pocket watch chain, but she knew he didn't wear one. Her heart raced as she realized what it must be. A necklace! Sophie carefully pulled the chain from the drawer. To her surprise, on the end was a brilliant gold key. Heavy and shimmering. Spellbound, she held it up. It looked like no key she had ever seen. Most keys were flat with jagged teeth, but this one had a triangular column with little pockmarks all over it. Its large golden head was in the shape of a cross, but not a normal cross. This was an even-armed one, like a plus sign. Embossed in the middle of the cross was a strange symbol – two letters intertwined with some kind of flowery design. â€Å"P. S. ,† she whispered, scowling as she read the letters. Whatever could this be? â€Å"Sophie?† her grandfather spoke from the doorway. Startled, she spun, dropping the key on the floor with a loud clang. She stared down at the key, afraid to look up at her grandfather's face. â€Å"I†¦ was looking for my birthday present,† she said, hanging her head, knowing she had betrayed his trust. For what seemed like an eternity, her grandfather stood silently in the doorway. Finally, he let out a long troubled breath. â€Å"Pick up the key, Sophie.† Sophie retrieved the key. Her grandfather walked in. â€Å"Sophie, you need to respect other people's privacy.† Gently, he knelt down and took the key from her. â€Å"This key is very special. If you had lost it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her grandfather's quiet voice made Sophie feel even worse. â€Å"I'm sorry, Grand-pere.I really am.† She paused. â€Å"I thought it was a necklace for my birthday.† He gazed at her for several seconds. â€Å"I'll say this once more, Sophie, because it's important. You need to learn to respect other people's privacy.† â€Å"Yes, Grand-pere.† â€Å"We'll talk about this some other time. Right now, the garden needs to be weeded.† Sophie hurried outside to do her chores. The next morning, Sophie received no birthday present from her grandfather. She hadn't expected one, not after what she had done. But he didn't even wish her happy birthday all day. Sadly, she trudged up to bed that night. As she climbed in, though, she found a note card lying on her pillow. On the card was written a simple riddle. Even before she solved the riddle, she was smiling. I know what this is! Her grandfather had done this for her last Christmas morning. A treasure hunt! Eagerly, she pored over the riddle until she solved it. The solution pointed her to another part of the house, where she found another card and another riddle. She solved this one too, racing on to the next card. Running wildly, she darted back and forth across the house, from clue to clue, until at last she found a clue that directed her back to her own bedroom. Sophie dashed up the stairs, rushed into her room, and stopped in her tracks. There in the middle of the room sat a shining red bicycle with a ribbon tied to the handlebars. Sophie shrieked with delight. â€Å"I know you asked for a doll,† her grandfather said, smiling in the corner. â€Å"I thought you might like this even better.† The next day, her grandfather taught her to ride, running beside her down the walkway. When Sophie steered out over the thick lawn and lost her balance, they both went tumbling onto the grass, rolling and laughing. â€Å"Grand-pere,†Sophie said, hugging him. â€Å"I'm really sorry about the key.† â€Å"I know, sweetie. You're forgiven. I can't possibly stay mad at you. Grandfathers and granddaughters always forgive each other.† Sophie knew she shouldn't ask, but she couldn't help it. â€Å"What does it open? I never saw a key like that. It was very pretty.† Her grandfather was silent a long moment, and Sophie could see he was uncertain how to answer. Grand-pere never lies. â€Å"It opens a box,† he finally said. â€Å"Where I keep many secrets.† Sophie pouted. â€Å"I hate secrets!† â€Å"I know, but these are important secrets. And someday, you'll learn to appreciate them as much as I do.† â€Å"I saw letters on the key, and a flower.† â€Å"Yes, that's my favorite flower. It's called a fleur-de-lis. We have them in the garden. The white ones. In English we call that kind of flower a lily.† â€Å"I know those! They're my favorite too!† â€Å"Then I'll make a deal with you.† Her grandfather's eyebrows raised the way they always did when he was about to give her a challenge. â€Å"If you can keep my key a secret, and never talk about it ever again, to me or anybody, then someday I will give it to you.† Sophie couldn't believe her ears. â€Å"You will?† â€Å"I promise. When the time comes, the key will be yours. It has your name on it.† Sophie scowled. â€Å"No it doesn't. It said P. S. My name isn't P. S. !† Her grandfather lowered his voice and looked around as if to make sure no one was listening. â€Å"Okay, Sophie, if you must know, P. S. is a code. It's your secret initials.† Her eyes went wide. â€Å"I have secret initials?† â€Å"Of course. Granddaughters always have secret initials that only their grandfathers know.† â€Å"P. S. ?† He tickled her. â€Å"Princesse Sophie.† She giggled. â€Å"I'm not a princess!† He winked. â€Å"You are to me.† From that day on, they never again spoke of the key. And she became his Princess Sophie. Inside the Salle des Etats, Sophie stood in silence and endured the sharp pang of loss. â€Å"The initials,† Langdon whispered, eyeing her strangely. â€Å"Have you seen them?† Sophie sensed her grandfather's voice whispering in the corridors of the museum. Never speak ofthis key, Sophie.To me or to anyone.She knew she had failed him in forgiveness, and she wondered if she could break his trust again. P. S. Find Robert Langdon.Her grandfather wanted Langdon to help. Sophie nodded. â€Å"Yes, I saw the initials P. S. once. When I was very young.† â€Å"Where?† Sophie hesitated. â€Å"On something very important to him.† Langdon locked eyes with her. â€Å"Sophie, this is crucial. Can you tell me if the initials appeared with a symbol? A fleur-de-lis?† Sophie felt herself staggering backward in amazement. â€Å"But†¦ how could you possibly know that!† Langdon exhaled and lowered his voice. â€Å"I'm fairly certain your grandfather was a member of a secret society. A very old covert brotherhood.† Sophie felt a knot tighten in her stomach. She was certain of it too. For ten years she had tried to forget the incident that had confirmed that horrifying fact for her. She had witnessed something unthinkable. Unforgivable. â€Å"The fleur-de-lis,† Langdon said,† combined with the initials P. S. , that is the brotherhood's official device. Their coat of arms. Their logo.† â€Å"How do you know this?† Sophie was praying Langdon was not going to tell her that he himselfwas a member. â€Å"I've written about this group,† he said, his voice tremulous with excitement. â€Å"Researching the symbols of secret societies is a specialty of mine. They call themselves the Prieure de Sion – the Priory of Sion. They're based here in France and attract powerful members from all over Europe. In fact, they are one of the oldest surviving secret societies on earth.† Sophie had never heard of them. Langdon was talking in rapid bursts now. â€Å"The Priory's membership has included some of history's most cultured individuals: men like Botticelli, Sir Isaac Newton, Victor Hugo.† He paused, his voice brimming now with academic zeal. â€Å"And, Leonardo Da Vinci.† Sophie stared. â€Å"Da Vinci was in a secret society?† â€Å"Da Vinci presided over the Priory between 1510 and 1519 as the brotherhood's Grand Master, which might help explain your grandfather's passion for Leonardo's work. The two men share a historical fraternal bond. And it all fits perfectly with their fascination for goddess iconology, paganism, feminine deities, and contempt for the Church. The Priory has a well-documented history of reverence for the sacred feminine.† â€Å"You're telling me this group is a pagan goddess worship cult?† â€Å"More like the pagan goddess worship cult. But more important, they are known as the guardians of an ancient secret. One that made them immeasurably powerful.† Despite the total conviction in Langdon's eyes, Sophie's gut reaction was one of stark disbelief. Asecret pagan cult? Once headed by Leonardo Da Vinci? It all sounded utterly absurd. And yet, even as she dismissed it, she felt her mind reeling back ten years – to the night she had mistakenly surprised her grandfather and witnessed what she still could not accept. Could that explain – ? â€Å"The identities of living Priory members are kept extremely secret,† Langdon said,† but the P. S. and fleur-de-lis that you saw as a child are proof. It could only have been related to the Priory.† Sophie realized now that Langdon knew far more about her grandfather than she had previously imagined. This American obviously had volumes to share with her, but this was not the place. â€Å"I can't afford to let them catch you, Robert. There's a lot we need to discuss. You need to go!† Langdon heard only the faint murmur of her voice. He wasn't going anywhere. He was lost in another place now. A place where ancient secrets rose to the surface. A place where forgotten histories emerged from the shadows. Slowly, as if moving underwater, Langdon turned his head and gazed through the reddish haze toward the Mona Lisa. The fleur-de-lis†¦ the flower of Lisa†¦ the Mona Lisa. It was all intertwined, a silent symphony echoing the deepest secrets of the Priory of Sion and Leonardo Da Vinci. A few miles away, on the riverbank beyond Les Invalides, the bewildered driver of a twin-bed Trailor truck stood at gunpoint and watched as the captain of the Judicial Police let out a guttural roar of rage and heaved a bar of soap out into the turgid waters of the Seine.

African American Culture in a Modern American Dominant...

African American Culture in a Modern American Dominant Sociology Intro to Sociology September 3, 2010 Janice Caparro African American culture in the United States refers to the cultural contributions of Americans African descent to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American culture. The distinct identity of African American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African American people. The culture is both distinct and enormously influential to American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in Africa. It is a blend of chiefly sub-Saharan African and Sahelean cultures. Although slavery greatly restricted the ability of Americans of African descent to practice their†¦show more content†¦The folktales provided African Americans the opportunity to inspire and educate one another. Examples of African American folktales include trickster tales of Brer Rabbit and heroic tales such as that of John Henry. The Uncle Remus stories by Joel Chandler Harris helped to bring African-American folk tales into mainstream adoption. Harris did not appreciate the complexity of the stories nor their potential for a lasting impact on society. The legacy of the African-American oral tradition manifests in diverse forms. African-American preachers tend to perform rather than simply speak. The emotion of the subject is carried through the speakers tone, volume, and movement, which tend to mirror the rising action, climax, and descending action of the sermon. Often song, dance, verse, and structured pauses are placed throughout the sermon. Call and response is another pervasive element of the African-American oral tradition. It manifests in worship in what is commonly referred to as the amen corner. In direct contrast to recent tradition in other American and Western cultures, it is an acceptable and common audience reaction to interrupt and affirm the speaker. This pattern of interaction is also in evidence in music, particularly in blues and jazz forms. Hyperbolic and provocative, even incendiary, rhetoric is another aspect of African American oral tradition often evident in the pulpit in a traditionShow MoreRelatedCultural Pluralism : As Educators What Pluralistic Perspective Do841 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment of other ethnic groups? Every teacher has a different teaching style. Identifying the best model of excellence in a pluralistic curriculum will increase good results in student achievement. Building Cultural Connections: †¢ Recognize Customs, Culture, and Religion †¢ Knowing and learning other cultural practices †¢ Knowing and understanding the differences and similarities of beliefs Barbara T. Bowman, Vice President of Academic Programs at the Erikson Institute in Chicago, Illinois, expresses theRead MoreIs Homelessness Not Just A Problem?1714 Words   |  7 Pagesother resources that are vital to survival. 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Du Bois Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pageswords colored and Negro with African-America, Nigger, illegal alien, Mexican, inner-city dwellers, and other meanings that articulate people that are not listed as a majority. Du Bois essay is considered a classic because its words can easily reflect to the modern day. ----------------------------------------- The Souls of Black Folk broadens the minds of the readers, and gives the reader a deeper understanding into the lives of people of African heritage. W.E.B. Du Bois articulatesRead MoreRace, Culture, And Diversity Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesRace, culture, and diversity are what most people want to see when they watch television. Some people want to see more of their race on television and not just caucasian people. They want to see more culture and color on television. America is getting more diverse each year. The first African American television show, Amos ‘n Andy, was created in 1952 and showed all manners of black life in Harlem; however, it was based solely on racist stereotypes which are now considered harmful (Vanderwerff2015)Read MoreCritical Social Theory : Power, Critique And Praxis3794 Words   |  16 Pagescapitalism’s demise via a revolution of its working class (Siedman 2009). Marx envisaged a socialist society with few social inequalities yet many i ndividual differences. Eventually, Marx migrated to London and wrote ‘Capital’ (Siedman 2009). From a post-modern perspective, Capital has since been criticised as a ‘waste of time’ because it is considered an antiquated ‘grand narrative’; an outdated run-of-the-mill, possibly oppressive collection of concepts and practices (Garrett 2013). Nevertheless, despiteRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman, Ida B. Wells Barnett and the Fight for Fairness and Equality for Undocumented Immigrants2243 Words   |  9 Pagestheories focused on different aspects of the society in which they lived, a common thread ties them together in the history of feminist thinkers: their passion for social and economic change for women. Their contributions laid the groundwork for the modern day struggles for civil rights, in particular the fight for fair treatment and equality of undocumented immigrants. Gilman and Wells-Barnett did not gain admiration for maintaining the status-quo, which is exactly why it is important to apply their

Un Ange Passe A French Expression

The French expression  un  ange  passe  is used to describe a sudden, unexpected break in conversation due to some kind of awkwardness or embarrassment. The question is, is the angel the cause or the effect of the silence? On the one hand, maybe the fact that an angel is passing is what causes the conversation to dry up. On the other, it could mean that the angel is aware of the awkwardness and is passing in order to try to smooth it over. Expression: Un ange passe Pronunciation: [oo(n) na(n)zh pas] Literal translation: An angel is passing Register: normal Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  En annonà §ant que javais perdu mon emploi, un ange est passà ©.   Ã‚  Ã‚  When I announced that Id lost my job, there was an awkward silence.

The War Of The Vietnam War - 2085 Words

The Vietnam War lasted from 1954 through 1975, and was the longest war ever fought in American History which lasted for 21 years. This war was long and costly and was mainly fought against the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies known as the Vietcong, against its war rival South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. More than 3 million people were killed in the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans (Staff). Although this war was mainly fought towards the impact of stopping the spread of communism, there were many other factors that contributed to the start of the war. Vietnam was part of a French colony known as French Indochina. Before 1954, the U.S. government financially supported French†¦show more content†¦With the south having a noncommunist government, they came upon an ‘upgraded group of the Viet Minh’ called the Viet Cong, an insurgency of pro-communist guerrilla fighters. In support of the Containment Policy, a com mitment to stop the spread of communism, the U.S supported French and Southern Vietnamese forces in hoping of stopping the ‘Domino Effect’. The Domino Effect was the belief that once one Southeast Asian country fell to communism, many would follow. In hopes of helping to stop the spread of communism in free territories of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, or Southeast Asia in general, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles creates a military alliance called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (Staff), thus launching them into the Vietnam War. After learning about the ensuing political instability in South Vietnam, this persuaded Kennedy’s successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to increase military and economic support for them. However, because of this military involvement in the war, DRV torpedo boats attacked two U.S destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin, one being the USS Maddox. Because of this attack, President Lyndon B. Johns on authorized the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution which allowed him to â€Å"take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia† (Pub.L. 88–408). Following the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson began a bombing campaign,

A social conscience Essay Example For Students

A social conscience Essay Mr Birling had her dismissed from his factory for demanding a small increase in wages; Sheila ordered her to be dismissed from her job in a shop simply because of jealousy; Gerald Croft kept her as his mistress before suddenly leaving her; Eric Birling also had an affair with the girl and stole money to keep her living and Mrs Birling used her influence to deny help to Eva Smith when she needed it most, driving her to suicide. A chain of events Eric, Gerald and Sheila are the young upper class generation who unlike Mr and Mrs Birling (their parents) have a social conscience. In the play a number of themes are explored: Lies: The characters in the play lie to each other, to the Inspector and to themselves. For example Mr Birling denies ever having met Eva Smith Love: Several kinds of love are depicted in the play, for example the husband and wife love shown by the Birlings. Pride and status: The play also shows how true it is that pride comes before a fall. Especially the false pride shown by some of the characters. Responsibility: The play points out the need for a sense of personal responsibility for every member of the society. Responsibility not only for individual actions but also for the way our actions affect others (collective responsibility). The Inspectors role in the play is a crucial one as he appears in the play to disapprove of the Birlings capitalist views. His role is to play the narrator. When he isnt piecing Evas life story together through questions, he is narrating the gaps in her life through lectures. Goole brings her splintered life together into one cohesive story. The Inspector is also the catalyst for the night; he keeps the flow of the play running, by his intense questioning and lectures. The Inspector is not at all an ordinary Inspector because he gives himself a moral duty, which makes him behave in certain ways that an ordinary Inspector would not do. He is more concerned with right and wrong than with what is legal. He is a moralist. He sternly tells Birling, for example, its better to ask for the earth (as a worker might do) than to take it (which Birling does). He has a peculiar habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking which could suggest that he sees through the person he is addressing and knows their secrets before they even say anything. Example: when responding to Geralds question about him not being able to see the photograph the Inspector replies (coolly, looking hard at him) there might be. Which also tells us that he is very intimidating. He is not afraid to contradict and be rude to his social superiors, powerful and influential men like Birling. In fact the Inspector is threatening Mr Birling in his tone of voice and saying how hes a suspect in Eva Smiths suicide. This is shown in act 3 PG 51 when the Inspector says to Mr Birling she wanted twenty-five shillings a week instead of twenty-two and sixpence. You made her pay a heavy price for that. And now shell make you pay a heavier price still. It looks like the Inspector is lecturing the family rather then interrogating them. For example when (act 1) Mr Birling says that him firing Eva Smith has got nothing to do with her suicide the Inspector says what happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and what happened to her afterwards may have driven her to suicide. A chain of events. Whereas a normal Inspector would just take notes and not say anything irrelevant to his job. The Inspector is single minded in pursuing his investigation. He contracts the development of events: who will speak; and when; who may or may not leave; who will or will not see the photograph partly because he recognises that otherwise, theres a muddle(pg 12). Since the inspector is showing the photograph one at a time to the characters it gives an impression to the audience that he might be switching photos around. For example he might be showing Mr Birling one photo and Sheila might be shown a completely different photo. Which raises questions in the audiences minds and causes tension. Drama Evaluation EssayHis character is more of a mystery than Eva Smiths. The entrance and exits of the Inspector to the play are also mysterious and timely. He enters the play in the middle of Mr Birlings speech about a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and leaves the play just after Mr and Mrs Birling pretended nothing happened and then they suddenly got a phone call from the infirmary saying a girl named Eva Smith has died and a Inspector will be around shortly. Unlike the other characters he has no history with Eva, as he had never met Eva before apart from the time when he visited her in the infirmary after her death. The Inspector doesnt seem to be of this world, let alone of the Brumley police department. This is a strong possibility because the Inspector, not once touched anything solid. When asked for a drink (pg 11) he refused. You can tell that the Inspector is not a member of the police force because Mr Birling says he knows most of the officers in Brumley and when asked do you get on with the chief constable the Inspector replies I dont see much of him. Which reinforces the prediction that he is not a real Inspector but a hoax? The Inspector is omniscience- he knows everything about the familys involvement with the girl, before the Birlings reveal their secrets. He constantly repeats, I havent much time which could suggest that is some kind of spirit whose time on earth is running out. When the Inspector first enters the play Priestley describes the Inspector in terms of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness symbolising the fact that he is all over the place, he sees, hears and smells anything anywhere. It symbolises the fact that he is an unstoppable force within the play. Priestleys description of the Inspector when he enters the play is describing him in terms of a Super-being and as a reference to god. The Inspectors name Goole, also has tremendous significance, it is a homonym. Ghoul, another form of the word, has exactly the same sound but its meaning carries a great effect on the play as a Ghoul is a demon that eats dead corpses which could suggest that he ate Eva Smith and could account for the fact that he (the Inspector) knows everything about Eva without ever meeting her. A Ghoul is an evil spirit to Birling and his upper class peers as he (Inspector) comes to confront their conscience. The Inspector affects Sheila and Eric, the younger generation, more then any other characters because thats what priestly wanted, he wanted to show us that the young generation should/are learning from their own and the mistakes their parents made. Whilst the older members of the family, Arthur and Sybil Birling and Gerald Croft, are to rigid to change and remain as pompous and superior as ever, the younger generation, Eric and Sheila Birling, realize and accept their part in the death of Eva Smith. Mr Birling responding to the Inspectors question Ive told you all I know and it doesnt seem to me very important. And Sheila reacting to the comments made by the Inspector I know Im to blame and Im desperately sorry Here you can compare the different thoughts and views each generation has of society within the same class. It shows that the world has changed since the Birlings were thought and bought up to consider themselves superior than others. In act three Eric says and I say the girls dead and we all helped to kill her- and thats what matters. This is Priestleyi s way of saying that it is up to the younger generation of society to change because older people are a lot more resistant and attached to their lifestyle.

Cloud Security Issues and Solution in Data - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Security Issues and Solution in Data. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing is the virtual computing system that is used to store, manage and process data within a virtual interface. It is very convenient to use for the large scale business organizations as there is no physical device required to store the data. Furthermore, manual processing and management of data is also not necessary. Cloud computing provides virtual interface that can literally provide unlimited space for data storage as well as provide automated data processing and management options (Hashem et al, 2015). However, in spite of the advantages presented by the cloud computing, there are a lot of issues and problems that have only been partially solved till now. The main problem with cloud computing is that all the files and data are hosted in an open online environment and hence, they are vulnerable to breach of access attack. Furthermore, although cloud provides an unlimited data storage and management space, it does not provide the user with the control of data i.e. it do es not allow the user to control where the data will be placed and stored in the virtual interface (Baek et al., 2015). Hence, the user does not have option to secure the storage interface where the data is stored. The only option of the user is to use encryptions and other security measures on the data itself that is to be stored in the cloud. This annotated bibliography is based on the works of various researchers who have published their opinions on the cloud security issues and solutions in Big Data management. Cloud Security Issues and Solutions in Big Data Management Since the development of cloud computing, business organizations and other sectors that use and manage huge amounts of data have been using cloud storage services for storing and managing data. The use of cloud storage enabled them to get of most physical storage devices as well as manual data management systems as the cloud computing system provided unlimited storage space as well as data processing and management options. However, with increasing usage of cloud computing in the business organizations, the vulnerabilities, issues and threats slowly became evident (Assuno et al., 2015). Unethical internet users like hackers and third party invaders slowly unlocked the door to enter cloud servers and started stealing information from the same. Most of the organizations use cloud servers to save secure information like business strategies, financial details, contracts and others. The hackers steal these data and information for ransom or sell them to rival organizations at high rates. Hence, the need for securing the cloud servers became necessary. Initial measures were taken to secure the cloud server itself using various softwares and other online tools. However, these could not used for securing cloud servers as the users do not have any control over the cloud server itself (Ahmed Saeed, 2014). Each cloud server acts independently while storing, managing and processing data and hence, it does not allow users to control it. Since then, attempts have been made to secure the data to protect it from external attacks. The main threats that have been found for cloud computing are in various levels of the entire system. These are discussed as follows. Network Level Network level threats mainly include the challenges for the network that is used to connect to the cloud server. Network level threats mainly attack the network protocols, distributed nodes, intermodal communications and others. The threat agents connect to the network nodes and access the information send through these nodes by breaking through the network protocols (Terzi, Terzi Sagiroglu, 2015). In order to avoid these threats, it is important to encrypt the data in addition to enforcing stronger network protocols. Authentication Level Authentication level challenges mostly affect the authentication layers that exist within the overall cloud system. Authentication layers are mainly used to provide access to authorized users to the data stored in the cloud storage. Authentication level attacks breach the authentication layer directly and capture the authentication process while a user tries to log in to the system. Later, the authentication process is followed by the unauthorized user to access the secure files inside the cloud server. Data Level The attacks that mainly affects data integrity and availability are termed as data level threats in cloud computing (Inukollu, Arsi Ravuri, 2014). These threats mainly affect the actual data that is being stored in the cloud server and it affects all the layers of the system including network and authentication levels through which the attacker is able to enter into the data level for stealing secure and confidential data. Generic Types These are generic types of threats that can attach through any of the levels discussed above and are extremely hard to counter. In order to prevent generic types of threats, the system must be able to provide resistance in any of the layers including network, authentication or data and hence, full system immunity must be available to counter them. There are also some other causes behind the cloud computing issues faced by the big data users. Distributed nodes and data are some of the main architectural and data transmission techniques that can give rise to several threats to the cloud system (Chen Zhang, 2014). While a distributed node is an architectural issue, distributed data is a computational issue. Distribution nodes can cause significant issue when the data processing is done in clusters and the clusters cannot be noted accurately by the user. Since the user has no control over the data processing and management inside a cloud system, a user is also unable to detect data processing clusters. Hence, if the data processing is done in the wrong way, the user cannot rectify it easily. Distributed data can cause threats when there are some corrupt files and data that occur inside the cloud server (Almorsy, Grundy Mller, 2016). In a regular server, when a corrupt data is detected, the user can locate it inside the server an d remove it in order to improve the performance of data processing. However, since cloud does not give control access to the server, a user cannot identify the corrupt file which as a result can cause serious problem inside the cloud server. The challenge is also further aggravated if there are no authentication lock used during data transmission and storage. As per the analysis, it has been found that the main challenge of the cloud computing in big data is mainly due to lack of internal access of the cloud server provided to the user. Hence, the proposed solutions mainly include methods that mainly emphasize on securing the network layers that the users have access to and can be controlled. Researchers have proposed various solutions that can be applicable for solving issues of cloud computing (Patil Seshadri, 2014). However, as stated previously, these are only temporary solutions and these also need to be updated constantly with the development of computing technology. Some of the possible solutions to the challenges are also discussed below. File Encryption The most primary step that the user can take in order to prevent unauthorized access is using file encryption. As the user is unable to control the server storage space in the cloud, he can encrypt the file that is to be stored inside the cloud server. An encrypted file is hard to break and hence, the attacker will not be able to access the data contained inside the file. However, unethical internet users are also developing better and efficient decryption techniques that are even able to break strong encryptions. Hence, it is important to update encryption techniques in order to create strong encryptions that cannot be broken easily (Puthal et al., 2017). The encryptions are mainly done using various combinations of letters, numbers and characters and it is recommended that the encryption code should be as long as possible so that during breaking the code, the probability to find the right combination reaches 1 in a million. It is also recommended that for very confidential files (e .g. government policies, strategies, defense data, etc.), several layers of encryption should be used in order to provide additional security as well as prevent any attempts of unauthorized decryption of the files. Network Encryption In some cases, due to lack of strong and secure network, file encryption is not sufficient. Some advanced hackers can steal the files and data even if they are not able to decrypt them. Furthermore, there is a rogue software named ransomware that can apply its own strong and unbreakable encryption on the files it is able to access. Ransomwares are extreme levels of threats that cost the user with a huge amount of money as ransom or the loss of secure and confidential files he stored in the cloud server (Kuo et al., 2014). In order to prevent this, network encryption is a proposed solution that is done in order to ensure unauthorized users, rogue files, malwares and others cannot enter inside the server. The network encryptions are mainly applied on the transport layer of the network so that even if a hacker tries to tap the line to steal data and information, they do not get any access to the data transmitted through the transport layer. Logging Logging does not necessarily and actively prevent any threats of cloud computing but helps to monitor and control any unauthorized activities performed on the server. In this process, all the data entered into the server should logged including the user who is responsible to adding the data into the server (Suthaharan, 2014). Further, regular audits are to be done of the log in order to identify any unauthorized or malicious activities that might have been attempted during the data entry process. Node Maintenance and Software Formatting Another recommended solution in this regard is regular formatting of the nodes that run the software. Regular formatting eliminates any type of malicious files, virus and other unwanted files that may enter the system during data processing. It is also to be ensured that the softwares used in the system are updated regularly in order to keep the system up to date. Honeypot Nodes Honeypot nodes are very efficient in eliminating some main threats to the cloud server including unauthorized access and breach of security by the hackers and third party users. Honeypot nodes appear to be regular nodes and used in clusters in the network layer but they act as traps (Bahrami Singhal, 2015). Whenever a hacker or unethical user tries to access the server through these nodes, the honeypot nodes trap the hackers and suitable actions are then taken so that they can be eliminated from the system in order to keep the server safe and secure. Conclusion From the annotated bibliography on the cloud security issues and solutions, it has been found that only limited amount of work has been possible in securing cloud computing data from the issues discussed above. This is mainly because cloud security is an extremely complex issue and all the available solutions for the issues are only temporary fixes as cloud technology is changing and upgrading day by day. Furthermore, the increasing use of big data technology using cloud storage interface further requires more secure cloud environment. As more and more business organizations are using big data, external threats and issues like malwares, breach of security, unauthorized access are targeting these cloud servers in order to steal secure and confidential data from the large organizations. This is mainly because the data and information stored in these servers are of extremely high value and can be used for ransom or be sold to rival organizations for large sums of money. Some of the comm on methods used for cloud computing security include data encryption, network encryption, node authentication, honeypot nodes, access control and others. However, these are considered as temporary solutions as the technologies are evolving, the illegal side of technology is also being upgraded by unethical users. Hence, the current solutions also need to be upgraded at a continuous basis unless any permanent solutions are determined. References Ahmed, E. S. A., Saeed, R. A. (2014). A survey of big data cloud computing security.International Journal of Computer Science and Software Engineering (IJCSSE),3(1), 78-85. Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Assuno, M. D., Calheiros, R. N., Bianchi, S., Netto, M. A., Buyya, R. (2015). Big Data computing and clouds: Trends and future directions.Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing,79, 3-15. Baek, J., Vu, Q. H., Liu, J. K., Huang, X., Xiang, Y. (2015). A secure cloud computing based framework for big data information management of smart grid.IEEE transactions on cloud computing,3(2), 233-244. Bahrami, M., Singhal, M. (2015). The role of cloud computing architecture in big data. InInformation granularity, big data, and computational intelligence(pp. 275-295). Springer International Publishing. Chen, C. P., Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data.Information Sciences,275, 314-347. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Inukollu, V. N., Arsi, S., Ravuri, S. R. (2014). Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(3), 45. Kuo, M. H., Sahama, T., Kushniruk, A. W., Borycki, E. M., Grunwell, D. K. (2014). Health big data analytics: current perspectives, challenges and potential solutions.International Journal of Big Data Intelligence,1(1-2), 114-126. McCreary, D., Kelly, A. (2014). Making sense of NoSQL.Shelter Island: Manning, 19-20. Patil, H. K., Seshadri, R. (2014, June). Big data security and privacy issues in healthcare. InBig Data (BigData Congress), 2014 IEEE International Congress on(pp. 762-765). IEEE. Puthal, D., Nepal, S., Ranjan, R., Chen, J. (2017). A dynamic prime number based efficient security mechanism for big sensing data streams.Journal of Computer and System Sciences,83(1), 22-42. Suthaharan, S. (2014). Big data classification: Problems and challenges in network intrusion prediction with machine learning.ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review,41(4), 70-73. Terzi, D. S., Terzi, R., Sagiroglu, S. (2015, December). A survey on security and privacy issues in big data. InInternet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), 2015 10th International Conference for(pp. 202-207). IEEE.