Afghanistan in the 20th Century

Introduction: General Overview of the Topic with Regard to the Sources After the reign of Abdur Rahnam who split the history of Afghanistan into two parts, the 20th century introduced a new model of government. The country reached political independence which new horizons in exploring new social, political and economic terrains.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Afghanistan in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, slow growth of modernization and the emergence of radical opposition to governmental reform signified that the Afghan people are still attached to conservative patterns already in the second half of 20th century, with the invasion of the Soviet Union. In this respect, the sources under consideration disclose different dimensions of the Afghan history in the 20th century in various styles and approaches. The central source is an autobiographical narration called Confessions of a Mullah Warrior. Other sources reveal factual and secondary information about significant historic event that affected the modern state of the Afghan politics, economy, and culture. Opportunities and Limitations Presented by the Style of Sources All sources under consideration provide historical overview of the major facts and events taking place in the heart of Asia. A special consideration deserves Confessions of Mullah Warrior provides an autobiographical narration where the author provide its unique vision on what happened in Afghanistan. In his narrations, there were both pessimistic and optimistic notes in depicting the events and conflicts, appositions and cooperation with other countries. Importantly, his narration is presented in a chronological order starting from his childhood and ending with becoming a journalist. Framed structure shows that the author is still attached to his country and culture. While comparing this narration with other sources, it should be stressed that are presented in the form of historical display of facts with notes of subjective evaluation. In this regard, the main limitation of their works is absence of objectivity in presenting the veritable date. In particular, Barfield (2010) and Wahaba and Youngerman (2007) perceive the twentieth century Afghanistan as being firmly attained to the events of the past regimes.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Roberts (2007), however, provides an unconventional style of interpreting the history of Afghanistan showing that the Afghan people had been striving to revive their cultural and religion traditions and establish favorable relations at the international level, but were significantly hampered by the firmly established stereotypes. Clammer (2007) and Johnson (2004) have decided not to divert from the standards of chronological narration and provides a consistent overview of the sequence of event w here one historical fact is closely intertwined with another. In this regard, the main limitation of these sources consists in insufficient analysis and synthesis of the presented sources. In particular, the author fails to represent a comparative analysis of the event that would contribute to the exploration of the topic under consideration. The limitation in the studies provided by Runion (2007) lies in the fact that the author split the Afghan history into two parts and singles out in more detail on a period after 70s of the past century. On the one hand, the author successfully presents all facts connected to the topic. On the other hand, the author fails to give an overall appraisal to the period at issue. The Advantages and Disadvantages Using the Sources for Historical Studies Due to the fact that the sources under consideration provide different styles and structures of the topic presentations, they can create some difficulties in exploring the problem. In particular, Fariva r’s autobiographic narration presents an subjective outlook on the event taking in the course of the past century in Afghanistan. In particular, he provides his unique evaluation of the situation during the war in 1989. In particular, Being former fighter mojahedin, he expressed his original appraisal of the jihad against the Soviet Union: â€Å"[t]his was no longer a jihad, a war of liberation against the godless Soviets; it had degenerated into a conflict manipulated by outsiders, each with very different ambitions† (Farivar, 2009, p. 5). Although the source is mostly based on the personal experience of the military actions and political and cultural transformation held in the country, it is hard to consider the book as the reliable source. Nevertheless, the source greatly contributes to an in-depth evaluation of the actions happened in 1989.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Afghanistan in the 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the sources seem to be based on the reliable and valid analyses of facts and figures, the researcher select completely different approaches in evaluating the period under consideration. In particular, most of the sources make an excessive accent on the Afghan history in the 19th century, though most of the events are not connected with the facts from this perspective (Runion, 2007; Clammer, 2007; Johnson, 2004; Robers, 2007). In contrast, Barfield (2010), Farivar (2009) and Wahab and Youngerman (2007) are more consistent in these terms and successfully manage to provide a general evaluation of separate period from the history of Afghanistan. Despite inappropriate structure that is inconvenient for a full exploration of the topic at issues, there are still great benefits of analyzing some particular historical events from different angels as presented in studies of Ruinon (2007) and Roberts (2007). In particular, they resort to the analysis of the period by investigating one particular problem and how it is considered in various periods. In general, all sources provide a sufficient outlook on the military actions and transformation held in the course of the 20th century. The Biases of the Authors and Relevance of Their Works to the Topic While evaluating the sources from scientific point of view and from the amount of contributions made by the researchers, great bias is attached to a biographical narration provided by Farivar (2009). In particular, excessive use of metaphoric descriptions definitely contributes to the exploration and better understanding of the author’s position, but still it provides some bias and ambiguity in the purpose of narration and in understanding the historical significant and relevance of the his studies. Other sources are strongly juxtaposed to the above book because they present a mere display of historical facts and detached appraisal of historic events connected with the topic.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion In conclusion, an in-depth analysis of the presented sources has revealed that despite the fact that all of them are closely related to the consideration of Afghanistan in the 20th century, there are certain details that should be explored in more detail. What is more important, a comparative evaluation of the discussed book has disclosed that the history of Afghanistan is mostly unveiled through the prism of pro-Western orientation, which significantly hampers the objective evaluation of the historical facts. Therefore, a combination of personal experience as presented in the main source supported by factual information will be more efficient in understanding the history of Afghan people in the 20th century. Reference List Barfield, T. (2010). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. US: Princeton University Press. Clammer, P. (2007). Afghanistan. US: Lonely Planet. Farivar, M. (2009). Confessions of a Mullah Warrior. US: Atlantic Monthly Press. Johnson, C. (2004). Afghanistan. US: Oxfarm. Roberts J. J. (2003). The origins of conflicts in Afghanistan. US: Greenwood Publishing Group. Runion, M. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. US: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wahab, S. and Youngerman, B. (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. US: Infobase Publishing. This essay on Afghanistan in the 20th Century was written and submitted by user Isiah D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Fluoride Works to Prevent Tooth Decay

How Fluoride Works to Prevent Tooth Decay Fluoride is the fluorine ion added to toothpaste and dental rinses to help protect your teeth from cavities. While increasing the concentration of systemic fluoride (e.g., through fluoridating drinking water) has not been proven to reduce the incidence of tooth decay, direct contact between fluoride and teeth strengthens and helps remineralize damaged enamel. The Chemistry Behind Dental Health The calcium and phosphate compound which makes up tooth enamel is a modified form of hydroxyapatite, which is susceptible to attack by acids. Bacteria that thrive on the sugars found in the mouth multiply on dental surfaces and produce acids. Mechanical brushing of teeth dislodges these bacteria and rinses them away, but doesnt do anything to address the ongoing damage to enamel from acid exposure. Fortunately, saliva neutralizes these acids and teeth use compounds found in saliva to remineralize the enamel. So, as long as the rate of demineralization and the rate of remineralization remain in balance, teeth remain strong and healthy. When more minerals are lost from teeth than are replaced, dental caries or cavities form. Fluoride helps by interacting with hydroxyapatite to form a stronger compound that is less susceptible to acid attack. Also, fluoride remineralizes damaged enamel (though it cant fix a cavity once one has formed). There is some evidence fluoride may inhibit the growth of bacteria on teeth or limit their capacity for producing acid. Even though you spit out toothpaste and probably rinse your mouth, enough fluoride remains on your teeth and in your saliva to confer protection for a while after brushing your teeth or using a fluoridated rinse.

Assignment (Microeconomics) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

(Microeconomics) - Assignment Example The fall in the prices of butter could also be due to the changes in the supply and demand as when the prices started to increase, more and more producers will be willing to supply the butter in the market thus driving down the prices and restoring the equilibrium in the market. Another possible explanation of the same can be found in the substitute goods as when the price of butter is increasing, the demand for the substitute product i.e. margarine may also be increasing. However, when the demand for margarine has started to decrease, the price of butter also fell. In perfectly competitive markets there are large number of sellers and buyers selling homogenous products. Further, everyone has the complete information about the market. In such a situation, the economic profit will eventually disappear because when marginal cost equals marginal revenue (equilibrium condition in the perfect markets) the economic profits will be zero. Further, since there are large number of sellers and buyers therefore if one producer charges higher, more sellers will come into the market and drive the profits down and eventually economic profit will disappear. Marginal principle states that profits will be maximized when marginal cost is equal to the marginal revenue. When marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost, the producer will produce more units of goods and will eventually force the prices to come down to the level of marginal cost. Thus producer will decide the production of any good based on the marginal cost i.e. as long as it is lower than marginal revenue, firm will adjust its production to achieve until both are equal. Since average variable cost is greater than price, firm should shut down its production because it is not even recovering its average variable cost. The accountant’s statement is flawed in the sense that she is equating total